CITIZEN CORRESPONDENTS
What is Citizen Correspondents and what can we do ..this is what has gone through the mind of the common every day enduser : People's online media elected Korea's outsider president Roh's when tech-savvy liberal supporters sparked a tsunami of Internet chatter to drum up last-minute voting support.
In a matter of minutes, more than a million e-mails were sent to mobile phones and online accounts urging supporters to go out and vote. This online rallying cry sent young voters to polling stations nationwide and delivered a narrow 2.3% election victory to the self-proclaimed political outsider Roh, who had been summarily rejected by South Korea's conservative media. what will happen to the rest world has this happening every were !
South Korea's youth culture is forcing the development of new participatory forms of online journalism and influencing innovative social/political configurations in media. The emergence of citizen reporters is succeeding in breaking down the monopoly of information control and ownership by conservative economic media elites. Now mainstream news outlets are even adopting more interactive features in their online versions. There's a long way to go, but all of this has led significantly to the democratization of South Korea's new media, offering online voices from ordinary citizens.
Why Does Citizen Media Matter?
Mobile phones are redefining media and citizen journalism. With the evolution of mobile devices and the read-write Internet, the ability to communicate ideas and information has become quicker, easier, and cheaper than traditional communication infrastructure. Mobile citizen reporting is possible with the aid of cell phones' SMS (short messaging service), which allows text messaging exchanges, and MMS (multimedia messaging service), which allows media exchanges such as images, video (recorded and live), and audio. Besides mobile phones being able to post media to the Internet, mobile phones also allow for greater access to information from websites, blogs and even text messages. For example, people living in rural areas often do not have access to Internet information through traditional computer systems, yet with the evolution of the mobile phone, distribution of media and access to the Internet is becoming more available and less costly in underdeveloped areas. This article will explore what mobile citizen media is, why it is effective and necessary, how it is currently being utilized throughout the world, mobile citizen media resources, and how a grassroots organization can develop their own mobile citizen media through mobile blogging - Vblogs.
What is Citizen Media?
Citizen media is everyday citizens collecting and reporting information. Traditionally information is published and made available to the general public by way of the Internet, DVDs, television, radio, print materials, and many other forms. Often citizen media fills a necessary void in reporting news stories that are not picked up by the mainstream media. One example of citizen media via broadcast radio is the independently operated, listener-supported, non-commercial broadcasting organization Pacifica Radio Network. Pacifica Radio Network supports five different independent stations in the United States. Examples of television citizen media include the community channels in Canada that broadcast in the public interest. Internet examples of citizen media include weblogs, podcasts (audio broadcasts online), collaborative wikis, and vlogs (video blogs), and email lists. One example is a end users collaborative site called Gooh, where Argentineans share stories of human values that do not normally get told by the conventional media in Argentina. Another example is South Korea’s pioneering Ohmynews, a full-fledged participatory news site where the citizens report 100% of the articles.
Why Are Cell Phones Critical to Citizen Media?
One of the challenges to citizen media is getting widespread participation and dissemination of the information itself, especially to and from people in rural or poor areas of the world. Citizen media does not take place in a vacuum away from everyday activities. Citizen media reporters or what What Lawrence Lotman coined Citizen Corrospondants need to be in the location where the event or events are taking place. In many rural or poor communities this means that local citizens need tools, which allow them to quickly report and collect information when there is limited access to traditional communication tools such as computers, Internet, or landline telephones. In order to report breaking stories, citizens need a device that allows them to instantly publish information to the world. While traditional cable Internet works well for citizen media in developed nations, it is not as helpful in underdeveloped countries. This is because access to Internet is still much higher in developed nations (UNCTAD, 2008). To further complicate citizen media communication in developing countries is the expensive cost of traditional telephone landlines infrastructure (Euromonitor, 2007).
Mobile phones provide a necessary solution to the problem. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development recently found that mobile phones are lessoning the digital divide between rich and poor nations (UNCTAD, 2008).
They discovered mobile phones are the most widely used form of information communication technology in developing nations. This is evident by the fact that over the last five years the number of subscribers to mobile phone service has almost tripled in developing countries, and make up 58 percent of mobile subscribers worldwide (UNCTAD, 2008). For example the number of wireless subscribers in India grew 91% and 54% in Africa between 2000-2005 (Wikinvest, 2008). One reason for this widespread growth may be that in many developing nations, building cell phone bases is much cheaper than landline cables. Eric Sundelof, a Reuters Digital Vision Fellow and creator of the grassroots mobile media site InTheFieldOnline.net, claims, “It’s much cheaper to build the infrastructure for cell phones, and Africa is the most perfect place for launching any cell phone service because it’s so flat you don’t have trouble with the base stations, you don’t need that many” (Glaser, 2006). We see this phenomenon in India where the number of landline subscribers has decreased since 2005, while the number of mobile phone users continues to increase (Wikinvest, 2008).
Mobile phones also assist in recruiting everyday citizens to participate in reporting. Since many web-based resources couple with cell phones for immediate posting of media, local citizens who have cell phone access (they do not necessarily need to own their own, just use somebody’s cell phone) can become citizen media journalists without Internet access. One example would be citizens sending videos from a cell phone directly into a designated YouTube account by using a mobile email address.
So can you use a cell phones for in grassroots media!
Cell phones can easily be utilized to collect and broadcast media to the Internet and mobile devices. While some types of mobile media collections are costly, requiring large amounts of bandwidth such as mobile video, others are inexpensive and need little bandwidth, such as text messaging. Although cell phones in developed nations often have high-end features such as built-in MP3 players, video recorders, and even television on their cell phones, there are inexpensive cell phones with basic features created specifically for people in developing nations.
These features are usually limited to options that require less bandwidth such as the ability to make phone calls and text messageCell phone companies have also developed non-electric ways to charge cell phones including using a bicycle or hand cranks targeted at people in rural areas where there is limited access to electricity , 2007). Furthermore, cell phone service companies such as CellTel have created pay-per-use cell phones, where people pay separately for each call (as opposed to paying a monthly service charge), therefore prepaying for all calls (Oke, 2008). For example in Nigeria it is possible to make a short phone call for about 4 US cents 2008). There are also community pay-per-use options where people can use a community cell phone for a small cost (often from a street vendor). These low-cost options are why 97% of Tanzania’s population have access to cell phones (Eagle, 2005). While not every citizen will have the bells and whistles on an available cell phone, it is important to explore the types of citizen media reporting that can be accomplished with each cell phone feature. In addition, as cell phones evolve it is likely that it will be common to find “basic” cell phones with features such as video camcorders and Internet access.
Photos: Photosharing and Photoblogging
Cell phones that have cameras can use MMS messaging services to send images in mass to other cell phones or post them directly to the Internet. Many popular photo sharing websites allow users to send and publish mobile photos on their sites. For example Flickr gives every account a mobile email address that cell phone users can use to send their photos. Consequently a grassroots organization could give out a Flickr mobile email address to local citizens and ask them to email images from cell phones directly into the organization’s Flickr account. Additionally, photos can be posted from a cell phone directly to an Internet blog, known as photoblogging. An example of this would be the web blog resource Blogger, where anyone can send a photo to Go@Blogger.com and it will immediately create an instant web blog.
Videos: Videosharing, broadcasting, and Vlogging
Mobile video can be one of the most expensive mobile citizen media options and video capture is only an option for those who have a built-in camcorder in their cell phones. However, mobile video can be one of the most effective ways to share important information and current happenings that are not being covered by conventional media. Therefore, people who do have a camcorder in their cell phone can record and send short videos to popular video sharing sites such as YouTube. Videos can also be posted directly to web blogs, which is known as Vlogging (videoblogging). Some cell phones (currently Nokia phones) even have the ability to broadcast live mobile video feeds to the Internet and on other mobile phones using web resources such as Flixwagon. Therefore, citizens witnessing breaking news and events can broadcast the events as they are occurring
Viewing websites and Retrieving Information
Besides disseminating information through cell phones, local citizens can also use cell phones to gather information. There are web resources (such as Feedm8) that turn almost any website or blog into a mobile site that can be viewed on a mobile phone that has Internet access. Of course viewing websites on cell phones is only an option for people who have access to Internet-ready mobile phones. However, for those who do not there are websites (such as Podlinez) that can turn Internet- mobile -based podcasts and web blogs into a dial-in number that can be heard on cell phones. This allows for access to Internet-mobilebased information without actually having traditional computer resources.
Why are Mobile Phones so Powerful in Citizen Media?
The Swiss Army Knife of Communication Tools for the every Citizen Correspondents !
Mobile phones are an all-in-one media collection and broadcasting tool and people carry there mobile gadgets every were they are go and they are used at a moment notice instant communication and delivery hand held tool . Currently cell phones can include a camera, camcorder, audio recorders, and mobile Internet access. Mobile phones are cheaper, smaller, and more portable than other digital communication devices such as laptop computers, camcorders, MP3 recorders, and digital cameras. Therefore one tool allows anyone to record a live broadcast, photograph or videotape an event, conduct an interview, write an article, conduct a survey or poll, all of which will immediately post on an Internet site that can be viewed on the computer or cell phone.
Do not need Internet access to share media
It is more common to find cell phone access than computer, Internet, or landline access in most countries around the world. For example, only 10% of low-income countries and 22% of low-middle income countries have any kind of Internet access (Euromonnitor, 2007). Furthermore, the cost for broadband Internet access and landline telephones in developing countries is much higher than in developed countries. Starting in 2002, the number of mobile phones worldwide outnumbered total fixed telephone lines, and by 2006, the worldwide number of mobile phone users reached 2.5 billion in contrast to the 1.4 billion fixed lines (Euromonitor, 2007). As a result, by using mobile phones to report information, there are more opportunities for the average citizen to report news and participate in journalism. This means that having Internet access is not a necessary component of being able to participate in today’s global world. The mobile phone is the global tool for gathering and disseminating news.
Potential for “real time” citizen media
Most cell phones can send images, audio, video and text articles to the Internet (or to other mobile devices) within a few minutes of capturing the media. However, over the last few years, there are new web resources -- such as Flixwagon -- that allow some cell phones to broadcast live video and/or audio feeds on the Internet. As a result, citizens can report and subsequently broadcast breaking news stories and events as they are occurring. Besides broadcasting feeds as they are occurring, citizens can listen to and watch (those who have video-enabled phones) the live feeds on their cell phones.
Connectivity
The ability to connect to the Internet from the cell phone, sending large media files (such as videos), or posting articles can take up a lot of bandwidth, which often means more cost. Bandwidth is “the capacity of a telecom line to carry signals. A greater bandwidth indicates the ability to transmit a greater amount of data over a given period of time” (Mobiledia, 2008). The greater the bandwidth the easier it is to send and receive media but it is also more expensive. One solution for citizen media is to use basic phone calls and SMS text messages to get the word out. Especially if one is trying to reach citizens in rural or underdeveloped areas where they probably do not have Internet access and only basic cell phone options to receive information. Additionally, when posting to the website or blog, make sure that it is mobile friendly (no large downloads or big video files) so that it does not take up too much bandwidth for everyday citizens to access or browse the site, this band width exsist in places such as South Korea and many other parts of the world..but there is highly intergrated personal software that has been developed by world seemless intergrated mobile software provider called www.vidiator.com they are the end-user key to personalize broad casting software from person - person " real time editing) software is called XEE ME .they have dynamical change tools of media- personal interactivity in to the hands of every day people they now have tools do what they want to do ..there motto is simply "You create We deliver"
What are some of the challenges and barriers of using mobiles in grassroots media?
Financial Costs to Mobile Media Citizens = Citizen Correspondents
Despite the cheaper availability of cell phones worldwide, it does not mean that the cost of being a mobile media citizen is always inexpensive. There are a couple of financial costs that need to be considered. First there is the price of posting media from mobile phones to the Internet and other mobile devices. While Internet resources that couple with cell phones for web-based posting are often free or relatively inexpensive (such as Youtube), the use of the cell phone for posting can incur astronomical costs. Therefore, the major cost is not the website maintenance, but the cell phone plan itself could be the largest cost to the organization. While every cell phone plan is different, organizations and advocacy groups need to be mindful of purchasing plans or pre-paid minutes that will allow them to send and receive media without worrying about overcharges. Second the cost to the audience; the subscribers to read and gather information on their cell phones in order to be more informed citizens. Each SMS text message or MMS message they receive may incur a cost, although it may be small, constant updates throughout a day or week could end up being very costly. but every has cell phone right hmm almost every one.
Advantages of Mobile Blogging for Citizen Media
Free web blog templates
A wide variety of easy to use, template-based web blogs are available for free on the Internet. It takes only a few minutes to set up a working web blog. As a result the set up and maintenance of the web blog does not need to cost anything. Furthermore, since many web blogs are template-based one does not have to know HTML programming language or have to struggle with storage, servers, or other web hosting issues.
Publish variety of media types to one place on the web
There are many web resources that allow posting of a specific type of mobile media. One example would be Youtube, which only publishes videos from cell phones. Additionally few of these mobile posting sites are easily accessible by cell phone. These are problems that limit the ability for people to participate in citizen media. For example, if a grassroots organization only sets up a Youtube option for posting mobile media, than people who cannot create videos on their cell phones cannot participate in reporting stories. Therefore it is wise for organizations to have multiple ways for people to share mobile citizen media. Web blogs solve this problem by allowing posting for a wide array of types of mobile media. This is done by using free or low cost web resources which couple with mobile devices to post media directly to web blogs. These cell to blog web resources allow publishing of images, recorded video, live video, text, live audio and recorded audio. Take the example of Youtube, instead of organizations having mobile videos only post on Youtube, they can set up their Youtube account to designate that videos sent to Youtube automatically post onto a the organization’s web blog. That same web blog could be a designated place for pictures to automatically be posted when sent to Flickr, and podcasts sent to Utterz, and so on. Therefore by utilizing a variety of web resources couple with a web blog, a grassroots organization can give citizens multiple mobile media options, which can all post in one designated web blog.
Blogs can easily Become Mobile
Another challenge of mobile citizen media is the ability for the audience to get the reported media on their cell phones when they do not have computer Internet access. A mobile blog can be set up so that it can easily be viewed on a mobile phone with Internet access. Furthermore, people who do not have Internet access on their cell phones can subscribe to moblogs for immediate SMS text message updates on their cell phones. Furthermore a blog can be set up so that the audience can call a designated number to hear an audio feed of the latest blog posts. By utilizing web blogs citizens with and without mobile Internet access are able to participate in the citizen media.